SAFETY STANDARS:
v HELMET Z-89.1 (ANSI) 1981
v SAFETY GLASS Z-87+ (ANSI)
1968
v SAFETY HARNESS Z-359.1 (ANSI) & 10.4 ANSI
v SAFETY SHOES Z-47.1 (ANSI) 1967
v RESPIRATOR Z-88.2 (ANSI) 1992
v SAFETY ON SCAFFOLDING A-10.4 (ANSI)
Safety is the control
of hazards to obtain any acceptable level of risk, to perform a job properly
and avoid incident and accidents at worksite…!!!
1.) WHAT IS
METHOD OF STATEMENT?
It is the documents
submitted by contractor to client, covering the general work procedure of a
particular job in safe manners as per required standard.
2.) WHAT IS
THE USE OF WMS?
We can plan and execute
the work easily and safely, it also helps to know the codes and standards used for
each activity.
3.) WHAT IS
JSA AND ITS USE?
Job safety analysis is the step by
step analysis of a job to determine the safe working procedures
It
includes the following steps.
a.)
Watch the job being done
b.)
Break the job down into steps
c.)
Described the hazards in each step of task
d.)
Identity the desired controls measures and
e.)
Implement these counter measures in the job executions.
4.) WHAT IS
WORK PERMIT?
is a written document
authorizing a person or a group to perform maintenance, inspections or construction
work.
5) HOW
MANY TYPE OF PERMITS ARE USED?
v
Hot work permit,
v
Cold work permit,
v
Confined space entry permit,
v
Excavation permit,
v
Lifting permit,
v
Night work permit,
v
Radiography permit,
Other permits as per job requirement.
6). What is Safety?
v
Safety is a state where the Risk has been
Eliminated or Reduced to an Acceptable Level.
v
Control of Accidental Loss of Resources Human
and Material
7). What is
near-miss?
An undesirable
event which has the potential to cause loss
8). WHAT IS
CONFINED SPACE?
Any space having a limited means of
access and egress, when subject to the hazards like deficiency of Oxygen, toxic
or flammable gases or substances, dust etc.
9). WHAT IS
THE OXYGEN LEVEL IN A CONFINED SPACE?
The Oxygen level in Confined space is 19.5% to 23.5%.
10). IN WHAT
CIRCUMTANCES A CONFINED SPACE WORK PERMIT CAN BE ISSUED?
If
properly ventilated, gas test reading are satisfactory, properly barricaded and
warning signs are Posted, trained stand by man is present with log sheet,
sufficient lightening and low voltage Electricity (24V-110V), proper means of communication,
locked and tagged out if necessary, lifeline man retrieval System if necessary
etc.
11). WHO IS
CONFINED SPACE ATTENNDANT?
He
is one who is aware of the confined space hazards and knows how to react if any
thing goes wrong, able to maintain confined space entry log sheet etc.
12). WHAT ARE
THE HAZARDS IN A CONFINED SPACE?
Oxygen
Deficiency or Enrichment, presence of toxic or flammable gases, chemical
hazards fire hazards
Fall of
materials fall hazards electrocution dust sounds heat or cold caught in between
moving
Equipments
engulfment etc.
13). WHAT ARE
THE DUTIES OF A CONFINED SPACE ATTENDANT?
He is responsible for the safety of
entrants, should be present whenever people are working in confined space,
maintain update entry log sheet, maintain continuous communication with
entrants and monitor conditions in the confined space to ensure a safe working
atmosphere, prevent unauthorized personnel, initiate alarm for help if in need
evacuate the entrants if conditions are not satisfying or in case of any
general evacuation initiated contact rescue personnel if necessary etc.
14). GIVE SOME
EXAMPLE OF A CONFINED SPACE?
Pipes,
Vessels, Tanks, boilers, and Tube areas Silos Trenches and excavation deeper
then 4feet sludge Pits Duct works etc.
15). NAME ONE
HAZARDOUS JOB IN A CONFINED SPACE?
Welding Grinding Chemical
Use of gas cutting sets erection of materials
16). WHO IS
COMPETENT PERSONS?
Is one who is properly trained and
authorized to perform a specific work in a safe manner competent person one who
is capable of identifying existing predictable hazards and who has authority to
make prompt corrective actions.
17). WHAT IS
ACCIDENT?
Accident is uncontrolled events
that results in undesirable consequences to personnel injury, illness of the
assets damage or loss or to the environment.
An Undesirable event which causes
harm to personal Damage to property.
18). WHAT IS A
NEARMISS?
A Potential hazards, which has not
yet caused an accident or an occurrence that did not results in but have the
potentials to results in undesirable consequences to personnel illness injury
and or to the assets damage loss or to the neighboring community and
environment.
An Undesirable event
which has the potential to cause loss.
19). WHO MAKES
AN ACCIDENT REPORT?
Concerned area supervisor or site
safety representatives.
20). WHO MAKES
AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION REPORT?
A team of frontline supervisor, HSE
manager sub contractor representatives if subcontractor personnel
Are injured high officials
depending upon the severity of accident.
21). WHAT IS
THE USED OF ACCIDENT REPORT?
To find out the root cause of
accident makes recommendations to prevent re-occurrence and evaluate the
effectiveness of emergency response.
22). WHAT IS
WASTE MANAGEMENT?
Waste management means safely disposing
the by-product of a process or a work to the environment after the proper treatment
if necessary so that no threat for living properties and environment exists.
23). WHAT IS
MSDS?
Materials safety data sheets is the
documents prepared by the manufacturer giving product name producer address
emergency contact phone number
information of ingredients possible hazards first aid measures precaution to be taken for storage and handling
recommended PPE extinguisher physical and chemical properties etc.
24). WHAT IS
ISOTOPE?
Isotope means one or more species
of atoms having same atomic number but different mass number.
25). WHY IS ISOTOPE
IS HAXARDOUS?
Isotope are hazardous because it
emits uncontrolled energy in the form of radio active waves which is hazardous
to all living things as it can destroy the living tissues that causes fatality
or can convert it to cancer.
26). WHAT IS
RADIOGRAPHI?
It is use for welding X-rays.
(If the
wind velocity is up the 32 km or 20 miles then work should stop.)
27). WHAT IS
RADIOACTIVITY?
Radioactivity is the spontaneous
disintegration of atomic nucleus emits ALPHA particles BETA particles or GAMA
rays or electromagnetic rays during this process.
28). WHAT IS
THE UNIT FOR MEASURING THE RADIATIONS?
Micro sever or Mille Rem.
29). IN WHAT
CONDITIONS A WORK PERMITS CAN BE ISSUED FOR RADIOGRAPHY?
The controlled area is calculated
evacuated and barricaded with yellow black tapes warning signs a minimum of 4
no. and red or yellow flash lights.
30). WHAT ARE
SAFETY MEASURES TO BE TAKEN WHILE DOING RADOIGRAPHY?
Ensure a competent person is
surveying outside the barricaded areas with surveys meters. The crews are
observing and following the safety precautions. The controlled areas is
calculated evacuated and barricaded with yellow black warning signs a minimum of 4no.s and red or yellow
flash lights.
31). WHAT IS
THE CONTROLLED AREA?
Any area where the radiations dose
is more that 0.75 MREM/h (7.5 Micro sever)
32). WHAT IS A
GIEGER METER?
Is the instruments used to
measure the radiations dose (Radiation Survey Meter)
33). WHAT IS
THE USED OF FILM NADGE?
This badge is worn by the personnel
who are exposed to radiation due their nature of duty and this is processed to
calculate the received radiation dose of a person during the period normally 1
month of exposure.
34). WHAT IS
DECAY CHART
Is the chart showing the
change in the radioactivity of an Isotope by losing mass by decay in certain period
at regular interval of time.
35) WHO IS AN
AUTHORIZED EXPOSE PERSON?
He is one who got formal training
in the use of sealed source and X-RAY equipment used in industry radiography.
36) WHAT ARE
THE REQUIRMENTS OF A MAN BASKET?
It should be designed and
fabricated according to standards have party certificates two guide ropes
damage free lifting gears the load bearing capacity should be written on man
basket shackles with cotter pin only to be used.
37) HOW SLINGS
ARE INSPECTED?
All slings
must be inspected before every use and periodically it should be inspected
thoroughly and shall be rejected if
found were one third of the original outside the diameter of outside individual
wires serves corrosion distortion linking crushing bird caging broken wires.
38) THE TYPES
OF CRANES?
v Mobile Crane
v Crawler Crane
v Tower Crane
v
Over Head
Crane
39) THE PARTS
OFCRANE?
Boom,Slings,Shackie,Flyingjib,Antitwoblock,Outerrigger,Mainhoist,Auxillaryhoist,Pulley,Webslings,LMI(Load
Movement Indicator).
40) WHAT ARE
THE REQUIRMENTS OF A CRANE LIFTING?
Crane positions on firm and level
ground with wood pads and steel plates. Outriggers are fully extended tires are
off the ground. Certified operator and rigger are available safe load indicator
is working the check list filled by competent persons.
41) WHAT IS
WORK RADIUS?
Is the maximum distance
where a certain activities for lifting or rigging jobs in progress.
42) WHAT IS
SWL?
Safe Working Load is the maximum
load that can apply to the lifting tool, safely
43) WHAT IS LIFTING PLAN?
Is the documents prepare for
planning a critical lift by calculating and considering all factors which is
going to effect the lift and there by selecting the correct tools and cranes and
ensure the safe lifting procedure to be followed for the particular lift, which
is used for lifting and what the safe factor is, where the load is lifted,
where it is fitted, size and SWL of each lifting tool used JSA and load-chart
are attached with it.
44) WHAT IS
TANDUM LIFT?
A lift in wich two crane are
used for Lifting is called Tandum Lifting.
45) What is excavation?
A man made cut, cavity, trench or
depression formed by earth removal.
46) What is trench?
A narrow excavation, where the depth
is greater than width
47) What is shoring?
A structure that supports the sides of an
excavation and protects against cave-ins.
48) What is different between a
flash back arrestor and a check valve?
A check valve allows flow in one
direction only. This prevents oxygen reaching acetylene cylinder and acetylene
reaching oxygen cylinder in the event of blockage in the torch or line or
pressure variations.
But a flash back arrestor
prevents reverse flow; stop the flow of flame from reaching the cylinder in the
event of a flash back or the temperature exceeds a limit (220 degrees f.)
49) How many type of Fall
Protection system?
(1) Guardrail system,
(2) Safety
Net system.
(3)Personal
Fall arrest system (BODY HARNESS)
50) What is the classis of fire
and what type of fire extinguishers are used for them?
Class A. Ordinary combustible materials
Example: Wood, Cloth, Plastic,
Rubber
Extinguisher- Water, DCP, Foam, CO2, Halon
Class B. Combustible
liquids and gases.
Example: Gasoline, Diesel, Oil,
Grease, Oil based paint, tar…
Extinguisher- CO2, Foam, DCP
Class C. Energized electrical equipment
Extinguisher - DCP, FM 200, Halon,
Carbon dioxide.
Class D: Combustible metals
Example: Magnesium, Potassium,
Zinc, Calcium, Titanium
Extinguisher-
Metal x-type, Combustatible metal type
51) What is the responsibility of Fire Watch?
Fire watch is the person design
to identify and eliminate fire hazards, alert and extinguish fire incase of any
out break of fire and to protect the person and properties from a fire. He is
the man to reach first in case of fire by keeping a close watch on such
hazardous areas.
52) What
is color coding system?
This system
followed to inspect and insure the serviceability of tools, equipments
periodically ( normally it is monthly ) like fire extinguishers, full body
harness, lifting gears, electrical codes and power tools, etc. These things are
inspected by competent person and are indicated by putting the color of
particular month (this color is decided in advance and is being followed by all
people at particular site). The items which are found defective or
unserviceable will not be color coded and has to be removed from service.
53) Who
can color code?
Competent person
54) What
is the maximum distance between two adjacent accesses in a long excavation?
A ladder must be
present within 25feet, of employees working in excavation.
In open
excavation – At least every 30m on the perimeter, if less than 1.2m deep
-
At every 7.5m on the perimeter, if more than 1.2m deep
55) When is an excavation
considered as a confined space?
If depth is more than 1.2m
56) Who
can erect scaffolding?
Certified scaffold
57) Who
can inspect the components used for erecting a scaffold?
A competent and certified scaffolding
supervisor
58) What
is tag system?
A tag system is
put on scaffolding, by a competent person, indicating the present condition
whether it can be used and whether fall protection needed or not.
Red tag – Do not
use (is being erected or dismantled)
Yellow tag – Can
use with 100% fall protection (is incomplete or cannot be completed)
Green tag – Safe
to use (scaffolding is complete)
59) Who
can place a scaffold tag?
Competent person scaffolding supervisor)
60) What
are the details in a scaffold tag?
Location, Maximum
loading capacity (kN/m2 or psf), Date erected and date inspected with foreman’s
name and signature.
61) In
which condition a scaffold cannot be erected?
Extreme weather
(strong wind, rain, ice), ground not stable, safe clearance (minimum 10 feet)
can’t be maintained with live wire, certified workers and supervisor are not
available, permit not available.
62) What
is the minimum overlapping of two adjacent planks in a platform?
Not less than 12 inches
63) What
is a guard rail system?
A barrier
consisting of top rail and med rails, toe board and vertical up right erected
to prevent men and materials falling from an elevated work area.
64) What
is a toe board?
Barrier secured
along the sides and ends of a platform to guard falling of materials, tools,
and other objects.
65) What
is the minimum height of a toe-board?
Minimum 4 inches
66) What
is the height of the top-rail from the platform?
38 inches to 45
inches
67) What
are the requirements in placing an access ladder on a scaffold?
Provide access
when scaffold platforms are more than 2 feet above or below a point of access.
When using
ladders, bottom rung must not be more than 24 inches high. Ladder to be at the
correct angle (i.e. Feet out for every 4 feet in height) Ladders are to be tied
at both sides not by the rungs. Make sure the ladder extends a safe distance
(at least 90cm) above the landing stage. When the horizontal travel distance
exceeds 15 meters provide at least two accesses. If the platform is longer,
access shall be provided at every 30 meters. The ladder should be free from
damage and should be color coded. All access ladders must be tagged.
68) In
what circumstances fall protection system has to be used?
If the person
could fall more than 1.8 meter then a fall protection system should be used.
Example- Any
activity at an elevation more than 1.8 meter such as erection, dismantling or
maintenance of scaffolding pipes, equipments.
69) What
is the minimum width required for a walk-way?
Minimum width of a walk-way is 18 inches.
70) What
material’s can be placed on a scaffold platform?
All types of
construction materials which are used for particular construction activity can
be kept on scaffolding platform but before keeping the materials and tools
required for the work on the platform, we must ensure load bearing capacity of
that scaffolding platform. The platform shall not be overloaded and shall be
fitted with object protection system like toe board nets etc.
71) What
are the requirements for working on a moving scaffold?
Mobile
scaffolding shall be plumb, level and square. It shall be moved only by
manually pushing or pulling the base. No men, equipment, or materials shall be
on the working platform or elsewhere on the scaffolding while it is in motion.
Castors shall be locked at all times except during scaffold movement. The
temporary foundation or truck set on uneven ground for scaffold movement shall
be level and properly secured. The height of the working platform shall not
exceed 4 times of the minimum base dimension, if it exceeds this limit
outriggers must be installed. A complete guard rail system must be provided.
The scaffolding shall be inspected and tagged before use by a competent person.
72) When
should we inspect scaffold?
Scaffolding
shall be inspected and tagged after completing erection. Also before each work
period or where they are altered, adjusted to rain or heavy winds. Thereafter
the scaffolding shall be examined at least once in every seven days.
73) What
is the angle to fixed the Ladder?
The angle of Ladder is 75deg or ¼.
74) What
is the space between the two ladder Rungs?
The gape or space is 12inch or 30cm.
75) With
what color a ladder can be painted?
Aluminum ladders and wooden ladders shall not be painted.
76) What
is a life-line?
Life line is
component that consists of a flexible line that connects to an anchorage at one
end to hang vertically or that connects to anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally and which serves
as a method to
connect component of a personnel fall arrest system to the anchorage.
77) How
can we calculate the safe anchorage of a life-line?
When life is
used they shall be fastened to fixed safe points of anchorage capable of
supporting 2300 kilos shall be independent, and shall be protected from sharp
edges and abrasion. Safe anchorage points may include structural members
(minimum 4 inches structural member or 4inces pipes) but do not include guard
rails, vents, other small dia piping system, electrical conduit, outrigger
beams or counter weights. It shall be made from 10mm dia wire ropes. Horizontal
lifelines shall be installed at the highest feasible point, preferable above
shoulder height. This life lines shall be maintained with unloaded sag at the
centre no longer than 30cm (12inches) for every 10meters of life line length
between attachment points.
78) What
is lock-out/tag-out system?
For servicing or
maintenance of live equipments or pipe lines where the unexpected energizing or
release of energy could cause of injury, lock and tag are place on the
isolating device to avoid uncontrolled operation and give details of the
lock-out schedule.
79)
Abbreviation use for safety?
STARRT - Safety
Task and Risk Reduction Talk
COSHH - Control
of Substance Hazardous to Health
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration
CFR -
Court of Federal Regulation
OHSAS - Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
Series
ELCB - Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker
GFCI - Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter
BSI
- British Standard Institute
SWL - Safe Working Load
ANSI - American National Standard Institute
LTI - Lost Time Incident
LMI -
Load Movement Indicater
MSDS
- Material Safety Data Sheet
TWA -
Time Wated Average
STEL
- Short Term Exposure Limit
ERP -
Emergency Response Plan
ASTM - American Society for Testing and Material
JSA - Job
Safety Analysis
LEL - Lower Explosive Limit
UEL - Upper Explosive Limit
PEL - Permissible Explosive Limit
REL -
Recommended Exposure Limit
PSI - Pound
per Square Inches (1 bar = 14.7 psi)
STEL -
Short Term Exposure Limit
WBGT - Wet
Bulb Globe Temperature
APR - Air Purifying Respirator
ASR - Air Supplying Respirator
SCBA - Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
RSO - Radiation Safety Officer
NFPA -
National Fire Protection
80) What is the importance of a
tool-box meeting?
The workers can be educated about
safe work rules and procedures, and their awareness can be improved on some
task.
81) What is an Emergency
Evacuation Plan?
It is the procedure to provide
concise guidelines for evacuation in case of some emergencies and to identify
the emergencies in advance. This also helps us to plan and to define roles and
responsibilities of all building custodian, fire wardens and occupants.
82) What is a hydro-test?
It is the test carried out for
leak test for pipes, equipments etc, by filling water in these equipments and
pipes with some pressure and its joints and connections are checked for ant
leak or breakage.
83) What is a hypo-test?
It is the
insulation leakage test done for high electrical cables, with high voltage
merger.
84) What are the safety
requirements for doing a hot work?
- Remove all combustible materials from the area (with in 10m), if possible.
- Use fire blanket to protect immovable combustible materials and also for welding slugs.
- Cover the area with fire blanket for containment of sparks generated while doing hot work.
- Provide proper fire extinguisher in sufficient numbers.
- Appoint a fire-watch with red jacket, if necessary.
- Barricade the area and post proper signage.
- Use of proper PPE and damage free
- Conduct gas test if presence of combustible gases expected prior to work.
85) What are the benefits of
near-miss reporting?
To make analysis of the incident,
in order to avoid re-occurrence.
To rectify the cause of those near
misses before it turns into accidents.
To identify the deficiencies of
site safety performances and find remedial actions.
To improve safety performances by
reducing LTA’s incidents and near misses.
86) What is a risk assessment?
Risk assessment is a method of
estimating the rate of risk of an activity, by classifying actual and potential
consequence and finding out mitigation actions to limit that risk.
87) In what situation “ear protection is needed”?
In the areas,
where sound pollution is more than 85 dBA
88) What is the emergency
evacuation procedure to follow in the event of a gas release?
Don’t get
panic on hearing alarm
Observe the direction of wind
flow, proceed out in the cross wind direction to the plant boundary fence and
then proceed up wind.
Obey further instructions from
emergency response team.
Resume work after getting
clearance only.
89) What is an “Assembly Muster
Point “?
The
area determined and marked, for assemble of people working the area in case of
any emergency.
90) What is meant by “Head counting”?
What is the purpose?
On hearing emergency alarm, all
people have to assemble in “Assembly Muster Point”.
There area supervisor will call his
workers with attendance sheet and confirm that nobody is trapped in the site.
This procedure is called head counting. Its purpose is to ensure all workers
are present in the assembly area, they are safely evacuated and identify the
person if anybody is trapped and take necessary actions to rescue these trapped
workers.
91) What is heat stroke? What
are the different stage through which a person undergoes before he gets heat
stroke?
During hot days, due to
dehydration, body temperature increases beyond safe limit, because of break
down of body’s heat regulating mechanism. Due to this the person collapses and
if not taken care off he can even die. This is called heat stroke.
Generally pulse raises 20 beats
per minute for each 1 degree C rise in temperature, heat cramps: Exercising in
hot weather can lead to muscle cramps, because of brief imbalances in body
salt.
Heat exhaustion: further losing of
fluid and salt can lead to dizziness and weakness body temperature may rise up
to 102 degree F.
Heat stroke: In some cases,
extreme heat can upset body’s thermostat, causing body temperature to rise to
105 degree F. or higher. Symptoms are lethargy, confusion and unconsciousness,
heat stroke can kill.
92) How is the soil classified?
What is the slope to be given for each type of soil while excavating?
The following is a short
explanation of soil classifications. You should check the standard for detailed
information regarding classifying soils
.Type A soils
v Cohesive
soils that have an unconfined compressive strength of 1.5 tsf or greater.
v E.g.,
clay, salty clay, sandy clay & clay loam
Type A soils cannot have or be
subjected to the following:
v Fissures
v Subjection
to vibration from traffic, pile driving or similar conditions
v Been
previously disturbed
v Or
if it has been subjected to other factors that would change it’s classification
Type B soils
v Cohesive
soils that have an unconfined compressive strength greater than 0.5 tsf but
less than 1.5tsf
v E.g.,
angular gravel, silt, silt loam, sandy loam and previously disrobed soils
except those which would be classified as Type C soil
v Also
includes soils that meet some of the requirements of Type A soils but is
fissured or subject to vibration; or dry rock that is not stable.
Type C soils
v Cohesive
soils with an unconfined compressive strength of 0.5tsf or less
v E.g.
granular soils including gravel, sand and loamy sand
v Also
submerged soil or soil from which water is freely seeping or submerged rock
that is not stable
Stable rock
v A
natural solid mineral material that can be excavated with vertical sides and
will remain intact while exposed.
Maximum allowable slopes
v Stable
rock: vertical (90degrees)
v Type
A: ¾ :1 (53degrees)
v Type
B 1:1 (45degreed)
v Type
C : 1 ½ : 1 (34degrees)
v ½
: 1 (63 degrees ) slope is allowed for only short term excavations that are
12feet deep or le
93) What are the precautions to be
taken while handling and storing compressed cylinders?
1)
Where cylinders are
to be kept for an appreciable length of time should be provided to ensure that
they cause no hazard to workers or public in the area.
2)
Cylinders should be
stored in a well ventilated area-preferable in open air but protected from the
weather.
3)
The store should be
away from fire risks and source of heat and ignition. Nothing else should be
stored in the area.
4)
The cylinders should
be stored upright on a firm level, well drained surface free from hollows and
cavities. All long grass, weeds etc. should be removed.
5)
Cylinders should be
secured so as they are prevented from falling over, when in storage or use.
6)
Cylinders should be
segregated within the store according to type and weather full or empty.
7)
Oxygen and oxidizing
gases should be separated flammable gases by 6m or by a fire resistant
partition.
8)
No electrical
apparatus should be installed within a cylinder store unless it is constructed
to a suitable standard for the hazard.
9)
No cylinder should
be used in a storage area.
10) Appropriate
warning signs “HIGHLY FLAMMABLE”. NO SMOKING”, “FULL/EMPTY” etc. should be
displayed.
11) Suitable fire
fighting apparatus should be situated adjacent to the store. Typically dry
powder fire extinguishers. These should be inspected and maintained at
intervals not exceeding 1 year.
12) Where cylinders
area required to be stored in a compound this should be located not less than 3
meters from any building, site or public access road. The compound fence should
be a minimum of 2 meters high, and it should have two means of escape, with the
gates opening outwards.
13) Where it is necessary to take precautions vandalism or
theft, suitable protection cages should be used.
14) Each cylinder
should be adequate marked to include the manufacturer’s mark and serial number,
together with an indication of the specification to which the cylinder is
constructed and its years of manufacture. A date of test and pressure test,
together with weight of cylinder and the name of the product, should be
displayed.
15)When
gas cylinders are to be transported they should be protected from physical
damage and the consequences
of any leaks that may occur minimized
16)Move
cylinders by hand in proper cylinder trolleys where the cylinder is secured in
the trolley.
17)Take
great care when lifting cylinders as they can be very heavy and awkward to
handle.
18)Before
moving any cylinders remove all attached equipment including regulators and
safety cap
must be provided.
19)The
cylinders should be properly supported and secures within the vehicle so they
cannot move
during the journey. They should be totally
within the vehicle and protected from impact.
20)The
cylinders should be checked to ensure that the valves are closed and there are
no leaks.
21)The
vehicle should be equipped with a suitable fire extinguisher. Typically dry
powder, minimum capacity 2kg.
22)There
should be no smoking within the vehicle while crying cylinders.
23)The
driver of the vehicle should be conversant with the load and have written
information on the hazards and the action
to be taken should any problems occur. The driver should also have training in the operation of the fire
extinguisher and any other safety equipment carried.
94) What are the type of fire extinguishers commonly used and
briefly, explain each one?
Multipurpose
dry chemical, carbon dioxide, halon, wet chemical or foam, pressurized water
are the commonly used fire extinguishers.
Multipurpose dry chemical / class “A”, “B”, or “C”
fires.2.5-20lb. dry chemical (ammonium phosphate) pressurized to 10.5-18 bar by
CO2 gas (8-25 seconds discharge time). Has pressure gauge to allow visual
capacity check.5-20ft maximum effective range. Extinguisher by smothering
burning materials
Smothering –
Cut off oxygen / close the ventilation using fire extinguisher
Starving
–
Remove the fuel / remove the material going to burn
Cooling
–
Reduce the heat / use water
Carbon
Dioxide – Class “B” or “C” fires
2.5-100lb. of CO2 gas at 150-200 psi (8-30seconds discharge time).
Has NO
pressure gauge-capacity verified by weight 3-8 ft. maximum effective range.
Extinguisher
by smothering burning materials, Effectiveness decreases as temperature of burning material increases.
Halon –
Class “A”,”B”, or “C” fires (smaller sizes ineffective against class “A”). 9-17
lb. Halon 1211 (pressurized liquid) releases as vapor (8-18 seconds discharge
time). Has pressure gauge to allow visual capacity check 9-16 ft. maximum
effective range. Works best in confined area – ideal for electronics fire due
to lack of residue. Extinguishers by smothering burning
materials, Fumes toxic if inhaled, Halon is ozone depleting chemical – production
halted in Jan ’94.
Wet
Chemical or Foam – Class “A”, “B”
fires 1.5gal of stored pressure PRX wet chemical extinguishing agent (40 sec.
discharge time) 10-12 ft. maximum effective range. On Class “K” fires, don’t
use until after fixed extinguishing system has activated, Extinguishes by cooling
and forming foam blanket to prevent reigniting.
What is S
95) What is the formula for
incident rate? Number of
Record able injuries X 200,000
Number of employees Hour Worked
200,000 is the equivalent of 100
full time employees working for 40 hours per week or 50 weeks per year (OSHA
guidelines)
96) What is First Aid and CPR?
Medical aid provide to a victim of
an accident scene. This first aid is administered by trained nurse. CPR (Cardio
Pulmonary Resuscitation) a first aid given to a person having heart blocked or
chocked due to sudden shock.
FIRE
97) What is Fire?
Chain reaction of FUEL, HEAT,
OXYGEN.
A) Fuel
any material which can burn like Paper, Rubber, Wood, Oil, Lubricants, Gases,
Metals like Phosphorous, Magnesium.
B) Heat
or temperature at which the any fuel can ignite this depends on its flash
point.
C) Oxygen
which is helping in combustion and is present in the air.
98) How Fire can be
extinguished?
Remove anyone of
the above three elements of Fire. Fire will extinguished,
A) Remove
the burning material, the remaining materials will be safe.
B) Cut
off the Oxygen by blanketing with foam or Fire blanket or any other materials
which
can not burn the oxygen will be cut
off and fire extinguished.
C) Remove
or lessen the heat with water or use Carbon Dioxide fire cylinder. Never use
Water for Electric Fire as water is good conductor of electricity and you will
get electric shock if water is used for electric fire.
99) What common type of the fire extinguisher is used for
fire?
ABC or Dry
Chemical Powder Fire Extinguisher used for Solid, Liquid Gases and Electric
Fire.
WORK PERMIT
100) What is a Work Permit?
A written document authorizing
employees to carryout a work in a designated area on an equipment specifying
the hazards, safety instructions and PPE required for work.
CONFINED SPACES
101)What is a Confined Space?
A vessel, column, tank, pit, trench
which has limited entry and access and one can not stay inside for long time
due to following factors.
Lack of fresh air or Oxygen, Heat,
Fumes, Toxicity of storage Contents, Noise any other annoyance, causing
disturbance in normal work.
102)What is (a) THLV (b) LEL (c) UEL?
Threshold Limit
Value, Lower Explosive Limit, Upper Explosive Limit
103)What is ASPHYXIANTS?
Chemical gases which can cause
suffocation by restricting the uptake of oxygen or by respiratory paralysis or
by diluting / displacing oxygen below the levels needed by human body.
104) What is a SCBA?
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus,
use in confined spaces or where oxygen deficiency exists or where concentration
of toxics gases is harmful to humans.
105) What is toxic Material?
A material or
substance which adversely effects body or organs.
106) What are Flammable and
Combustible Liquids?
Liquids that give off enough vapors
to form an ignitable mixture with air and produce a flame when a source of
ignition is present.
107) What is MSDS?
Material Safety Data Sheet
108) What is a Risk
Assessment/Hazard Identification Plan?
Identifying hazards and risk
involve in a specific job and control measures required to eliminate them or
bring them to minimum acceptable limit for the job to be done in safe manner
SCAFFOLD
Before erecting
scaffolds assess the work area for existing and for potential future hazards
which may impact on the work.
109) What are basic components
of scaffolds?
a) Base Plate
b) Sill Boards
c) Screw Jack
d) Couplers
e) Vertical tubes or Bearer also
called LEDGERS
f) Horizontal tubes or Ledgers
also called STANDARDS
g) Transoms connected across the
width
h) Hand rails mid rails
i) Toe Boards
j) Platforms
k) Ladder
l) Diagonal
Bracings for stability
RIGGING
110) What are different types
of slings used for lifting?
a) Wire
rope slings
b) Synthetic/Nylon
Webbings
c) Chain
Slings
111) When a sling is considered
unsafe for use?
1) 10
wire broken in one rope lay randomly distributed
2) 05
wires broken in one strand in one lay
3) 1/3rd
of original diameter is scrapping or worn
4) Kink
crushing, bird caging, or other damage or distortion of wire rope structure
5) Evidence
of heat damage
6) End
attachments that are cracked worn or damaged
7) Hooks
open more than 15% of normal throat
8) Twisted
more than 10 degrees from the plane
112) What safety measure are
required for SAFE CRANE OPERATION
1) Crane
is to be positioned on level ground
2) Outriggers
fully extended
3) Mats
to be used for stability
4) Crane
radius of swing should be barricaded and no one to cross under the suspended
load
5) Ensure
clear of obstructions
6) Load
chart available in the cabin
7) Qualified
Operator and rigger to rig the loads
8) Only
one rigger is authorized to signal the operator
9) Do
not lift the load beyond the rated capacity of the crane
10) Wind speed
not more than 20miles/hr or 32km/hr
11) Anti two
block system working
12) Load
monitoring indicator operational
13) Telescopic
boom free moment
14) Operators
cabin have clear view and not obstructed
PORTABLE ELECTRICAL TOOLS
114) Why this should be used
with electric tools?
To protect the
workers from shock in case of current leakage
115) What is the sign of a
potable electric tool having double insulated?
(Double square)
116) Why tools having broken
insulation must not be used?
To avoid
possible electric shock
117) What is meager test?
The insulation
break down test is known as meager test
118) Why meager test is
necessary for electric tools?
A tool having subjected to harsh
use at site needs to be tested for insulation break down to avoid possible
electric shock.
119) Why dead man switch should
be used on electric tools?
To cut off the
power supply to the tool in emergency
120) Why Safety Training is required?
To make the employees familiar with
the hazards associated with their work safety orientation and some other
trainings is required, also special craft training is required before start of
work, safety assessment risk assessment for potential hazards is essential
which covers the general hazards and specific hazards associated to the work
being undertaken and the control measures applied to eliminate or minimize the
potential of harm to the employees, therefore emphasis of accidental loss of
resources (Men and Materials) to reduce the direct and indirect costs and loss
time delays due to interruptions providing safe and friendly environment for
timely completion of projects therefore imparting plays an important role in
loss control and it is an idea sound business to have safety culture prevailing
on the construction sites.
121) What is LOTO?
Lock
out tag out, to lock out specific breakers are used for the maintenance of all
equipments
122) What is GFCI?
Ground Fault
Circuit Interrupter
123) What is Excavation and
Ditches?
Digging of land
with Machine or with men
124) What is Confined Space?
Space heaving a limited entrance or
egress but that is large enough to bodily entrance and performed the work, i.e.
1) Pits
sumps
2) Vessels
3) Boilers
4) Tanks
Sewers
5) D-Excavations
Hazards
A) High
Temperature
B) High
Noise
C) Fall
from Elevation
D) Sleeping
E) Oxygen
deficiency
125) What are the scaffoldings
and its kinds and it’s Consists?
It is temporary platform
Kinds
A) System
Scaffolding
B) Under
Hang Scaffoldings
C) Mobile
Scaffolding
D) Bract
Scaffolding
E) Tower
Scaffolding
F) Tube
and Copular scaffolding
Scaffolding
Consists
A) Sole
Boards
B) Base
Plates
C) Posts
D) Ledgers
E) Couplers
1. Right
angle couplers
2. Right angle Double couplers
3. End to End Couplers
4. Adjustable Couplers
5.
Girder Couplers
F) Top
rail
G) Mid
rail
1. Should
be in between top rail and toe boards
H) Toe
Board
1. Distance between toe board to top
rail should be 38 to 43 inches
I) Bracings
1. Zigzag bracings
2. Transverse bracings
3. Longitudinal bracings and cross
bracings
126) What is KENAPI?
To Safe Workers
from falling objects we can use KENAPI nets and catch plate forms.
127) Which Permit is use for
Vehicles?
Hot Work Permit
128) What is Risk Assessment?
Simply we can
defined it with
v
What can go wrong
v
What can cause its going wrong
v
What can we do to prevent it from going wrong
129) What is Evocation?
v Stop
the work and switch off equipment and proceed to nearest assembly ground
v Always
walk against wind direction
v If
you driving a vehicle, stop on road side switch off engine and proceed to
assembly area and let the key should inside the ignition point.
v Head
count will taken by Safety Officer in assembly area.
v Do
not come to work tell all clear alarm sounds.
130) How many types of accident
in construction area?
- Fatality case
- Last work day case
- Restricted work case
- Medical treatment case
- First aid case
- Near miss Incident
v An
incident, which could cause property damage or personal injury and if we will
not stop near miss incidents then can happen an accident.
131) What is Toolbox Talks?
Awareness
about work situation to the employee is called toolbox talk
A
development of safety bricfings and deal with special issues at the workplace.
132) What is DBA?
The frequency of noise at which we should use ear plug or
muffs is 85DBA.
v DBA
Decibel at scale A
133) What are LEL and UEL?
v Lower
Explosive Limit
v Upper
Explosive Limit
Level of Flammable gases or toxic gasses should be zero
Level of Oxygen should be in between 19.5 – 23.5 in volume
134) How many scaffolding tags
used in scaffolding?
v Green
tag - Scaffolding is safe to work
v Yellow - Use full body harness is required with
double Lyn yard
v Red
tag - Means scaffolding is unsafe or
not able to use (only scaffolder can work)
Note: Safety Harness can bear the weight
2450kg
135) What are the precautions
for Welding?
v Hot
work permit is required
v Area
should be barricaded and warning signage should be placed
v Area
should be clean at least 8 meters (free from combustible materials)
v Fire
extinguisher and fire blankets should be available
v Trained
fire watch man should be available
v Fire
water drum should be available
Note: Welder must use complete PPE’s
(Welding Helmet, Gloves and Long sleeves shirt)
SAFETY DEFINATIONS
136) Safety
Safety is a state where risk has been eliminated or reduced
to an acceptable level
137) Fire
Fire is a chemical reaction involving rapid oxidation or
burning of a fuel. It needs three elements to occur
138) Fuel
Fuel can be any combustible material – solid, liquid, or
gas. Most solids and liquids become a
139) Oxygen
Oxygen the air we breathe is about 21 percent oxygen. Fire
only needs an atmosphere with at least 16 percent oxygen.
140)Heat
Heat is the energy necessary to increase the temperature of
the fuel to a point where sufficient vapors are given off for ignition to
occur.
142)Flash Point
Flash Point is the lowest temperature at which a fuel
produces enough vapors to ignite in the presence of a heat source.
143) Dust
Dust consists of solid particles and is created by such
operations as grinding or sieving of solid materials, controlled detonations
and various drying processes.
144) Fumes
Fumes are finely particulate solids which are created by
condensation from a vapor, very often after a metal has been converted to the
molten state. Fumes are usually highly toxic.
145) Gases
Gas is the formless chemical which occupies the area in
which it is enclosed. There are many toxic gases used in industry, such as
chlorine.
146) Mist
Mist consists of finely suspended droplets formed by
condensation from a gas or the atomizing of a liquid or from aerosols.
147) Vapors
Vapors are the gaseous form of a solid or a liquid, rise in
temperature causes the vaporization. Examples are organic solvent vapors’.
148) Liquid
Liquid is a typical example of a liquid, Can be in other
forms as droplets or aerosols.
149) Very Toxic
Substances and preparations which in very low quantities
cause death or acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled swallowed or
absorbed via the skin.
150) Toxic
Toxic substances and preparation that in low quantities
cause death or acute or chronic damage to health when inhaled swallowed or
absorbed via the skin.
151) Corrosive
Corrosive is substances and preparations that may on contact
destroy living tissues.
152) Density
The density of a material is defined as the mass of one
cubic meter of material
DENSITY = MASS/VOLUME
153) Specific Gravity
We can therefore say that any liquid that will not dissolve
(not miscible) in water, with a specific gravity higher than 1, will sink,
whilst those with a specific gravity lower than 1 will float on top. For
example:
1m3 of water (1000 liters) weights 1000kg
1m3 of aviation gasoline (1000 liters) weight 720 kgs
154) Heat
Heat is a form of energy. Heat can be produced by chemical
means, e.g., by burning aviation fuel or by mechanical means, by fiction.
Passing electric current through a resistor also produces heat as in an
electric fire.
155) Element
Substances that consist of only one type of atom are known
as elements. EX. CARBON
156) Molecules
If an element consists of more than one of the same type of
atom, chemically bound together, it is known as a molecule. EX. OXYGEN, The
term molecule can also be used to describe a substance that is made up of more
than one type of atom, water is example.
157) Compound
A mixture is a term used to describe a substance that is
made up of more than one type of molecule. EX. WATER
158) Combustion
Combustion is a chemical process. For it to occur, oxygen,
usually from the air, must combine with a fuel. A fuel is any substance that
will burn and may be in any one of the three states, solid, liquid or gas. EX.
SMOLDING OR FLAMING
Flammability Limits:
Flammability Limit
(% Fuel/Air by
volume)
|
||
GAS
|
LOWER LIMIT
|
UPPER LIMIT
|
Hydrogen
|
4
|
75
|
Carbon Monoxide
|
12.5
|
74.2
|
Methane
|
5
|
15
|
Butane
|
1.5
|
9
|
Ethylene
|
2.7
|
28.6
|
Acetylene
|
5.5
|
80
|
159) Organization Culture
Shop floor representatives, supervisors and managers who
meet to discuss general health and safety matters affecting the company
160)Attitude
A person’s point of view, or their way of looking at
something.
161) Mistakes or Errors
Doing the wrong thing, believing it to be right
162)Influence of peer group
A peer group is a group of individuals of a similar age or
background with whom a person mixes in a social context.
163)Work place group
The workplace group is such a group and we behave in
accordance with the collective, accepted behavior of the group.
164)Communication
Communication is defined as, imparting, conveying or
exchanging information, ideas or opinion by the use of speech, written, or
graphics.
165)Written communication
Written a postal service or a notice board
166) Oral or Verbal (SPOKEN)
Communication
Oral or Verbal (spoken) a personal interview or telephone
system
167) Notices, Posters, Films
Used to draw attention to hazards and risks or safe
practices and measures, need to be ‘eye catching’ and relevant.
168) Tool Box Talks
A development of safety briefings and deal with specific
issues at the workplace
169) Employee Hand Book:
Key document laying out company policy and certain
procedures, Effective as part of induction training
170) Investigation
The purpose of an investigation is primarily to find the
cause, with the intention of preventing a recurrence, rather than to blame
171) Reactive Monitoring
Reactive Monitoring, which is used in the investigation of
accidents, incidents or dangerous occurrences-After
172) Proactive Monitoring
Pro-active monitoring, which involves checking that
standards, practices, procedures and system are being complied with. Before
173) Maintenance Inspections
Inspections involve examining, testing and making
repairs/adjustments to such items, often specified by the manufacturer or
supplier.
174) Safety Inspection
A formal inspection by a team of inspectors who go round an
area or section of work to check on standards; e.g floor condition, HK, warning
signs, fire equipment
175) Safety Survey
An in-depth examination of specific procedures such as the
introduction of new equipment, or investigating a rise in accident or incident
rate
176) Chemical Hazard
Liquids, dusts, fumes, mists
177) Biological Hazards
Exposure to bacteria, viruses and fungi
178) Physical Hazard
Mechanical, noise, radiation, heat etc. also includes
ergonomic factors
179) Psychological Hazards
Refers to mental stress
180) Safe Work System
A safe system of work is: a formal procedure which results
from systematic examination of a task in order to identify all the hazards
181) Permit to Work
A permit to work can be described as: A formal document
giving written authority to carry out specific work.’
182) Hot Work
Any work that increases the risk of fire and explosion by
the introduction of an ignition source, such as welding, flame cutting, use of
electrical equipment may be subject to a permit to work system.
183) First Aid
First aid is the immediate care given to victims of an
accident or illness before qualified medical assistance arrives
184) Crushing
Crushing is where the body or part of the body is caught between
two moving parts of the machine or between moving and static objects such that
they meet together.
185) Shearing
Shearing is where two parts of the machine are moving
together to a situation where one moves over the top of the other.
186) Cutting and Severing
Cutting and Severing is where a sharp-edged part of the
machinery comes in contact with the person. As implied, it is a similar effect
to what happens when someone cuts himself with a knife.
187) Entanglement
Entanglement is associated with a single rotating part of a
machine. Usually an item of clothing gets caught on the rotating part and the
person is draw rapidly to the machine.
188) Drawing or Trapping
Drawing in or Trapping is where the body is caught between
two moving parts and drawn into machine.
189) Impact
Impact is where a powered part of the machine hits the
person.
190) Stabbing or Punctured
Stabbing or Puncture is caused by some sharp part of the
machine or process penetrating the person.
191) Friction or Abrasion
Friction or Abrasion is caused by coming into contact with a
fast moving surface.
192) Fixed Guard
These are guards with no moving parts designed to prevent
access by enclosing the hazard. Typically, a fixed guard will required a tool,
such as a spanner or screwdriver, to remove it.
193) Risk
Risk can be defined as the likelihood that the harm from a
particular hazard will happen. Risk reflects both the likelihood and severity
of the harm.
Risk =
LIKELY HOOD X SEVERITY
194) Risk Assessment
A planned layout of the workplace is essential if a safe
place of work is to be provided.
195) Objectives of Risk
Assessment
We can identify three main reasons for assessing and
managing risk.
196) Moral
Moral reasons are based on the concept of preventing people
being hurt or becoming ill.
197) Legal
Employers have a legal duty to protect their employees.
198) Economic
Accidents and ill-health costs can be high in terms of sick
pay, lost production, replacing damaged equipment etc.
199) Damage Only
An incident that does not result in injury but property or
equipment may be damaged.
200) Health
Examples of illnesses that are reportable are poisonings,
skin and lung disease, infections and occupational cancer.
201) Danger Occurrence
Non-injury incidents where there is serious potential for
injury, such as a collapsing scaffold.
INCIDENT
AND ACCIDENT RATIO:
Probability
|
No. of accidents resulting in serious injury
|
Total number of accident
|
|
Frequency Rate
|
No. of lost time accidents x 100,000
|
Number of man-hour worked
|
|
Severity Rate
|
Total number of days lost x 1,000
|
Total number of man-hours worked
|
|
Risk
|
Frequency (likelihood) x Severity
|
202) Health Risk Hazard
Acute – Causing immediate ill-health after one exposure
Chronic – Causing ill-health after long term exposure
203) Flammable Gasses
Flammable Gases - such as methane (marsh gas) and carbon
monoxide Toxic gases such as hydrogen sulphide
204) Battering
Allows almost any excavation to be carried out safely
without the need for a support system
205) Shoring
Shoring is artificial support for the side walls of an
excavation.
206) Health
Health includes material as well as physical health and
relates to the protection of people, weather they are employees, contractors or
visitors, from harm.
207) Biological Hazard
Biological hazards relate mainly to illness contracted from
exposure to bacteria, viruses and fungi.
208) Welfare
Welfare is concerned with the well-being and comfort of,
primarily, employees.
209) Environmental Protection
Environmental protection relates to issues such as lighting,
noise, heat, etc.
210) Incident
Events that give to accidents or have the potential to lead
to an accident.
211) Accident
Accidents are undesired and unplanned events. They may cause
personal injury or property damage or both.
212) Dangerous Occurrence
An event or situation that could harm employees at work, in
such a way that there is a legal requirement to report it
213) Near Miss
Any form of incident which could result in injury or loss
but does not.
Psychological
Problems
Psychological problems are diseases or injuries caused by
exposure to dangerous substances or practices.
215) Psychological Problems
Psychological Problems are stress related and be due to
traumatic events or exposure to workplace pressures.
216) Hazard
A hazard can be defined as a situation with the potential to
cause harm or danger.
217) Harmful
Harmful-substances and preparations that may death or acute
or chronic damage to health when inhaled swallowed or absorbed through the
skin.
218) Chemical
Chemical health hazards may be divided into the following
groups.
219) Carcinogenic
Substances and preparations which if inhaled or ingested or
absorbed by the skin may induce cancer or increase its incidence
220) Irritant
Non-corrosive substances and preparations which through
immediate, prolonged or repeated contact with the skin or mucous membrane may
cause inflammation
221) Sensitizing
A substance or preparation that may cause an allergic
reaction
222) Acute Toxicity
This describes a condition where the quality of a toxic
substance absorbed into the body process harmful effects very quickly, i.e.
within seconds, minutes or hour.
223) Chronic Toxicity
The term chronic toxicity describes a condition where the
harmful effects of a toxic substance absorbed into the body take a very long
time to appear-months or perhaps years.
224) Ammonia
A colorless gas with a pungent odor, soluble in water, a
strong respiratory irritant and corrosive substance, either as a gas or when
combined with water as a liquid, entry is by inhalation into the lungs or
absorption through the eyes or the skin
225) Chlorine
The basic ingredient of mustard gas but is also used in
cleaning swimming baths and in chlorine tanks, the immediate effect is choking,
but it may also damage the lining of the lungs
226) Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas.
It is found in combustion gases such as coal gas, car exhaust, producer gas,
blast-furnace gas and water gas.
227) Isocyanides
Used to make adhesives, synthetic rubber, polyurethane
paints and lacquers, and quick-drying printing inks, the most important
industrial applications are in the manufacture of plastics and paints to make
them harden quicker.
228) Asbestos
Previously used as an insulation and fire-resistant material
in building construction, it was also a common friction lining in machinery (brakes,
clutch plates, etc.
229) Silica
Silica is a naturally occurring element present in many and
stones, particularly sandstone, quartz and slate. It is a high toxic irritant
when inhaled as a dust and can cause numerous chest and respiratory tract diseases.
230) Laptospira
Rats are the primary cause of the disease (Confined Space).
231) Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a virus causing similar symptoms to weil’s
deases-fever, jaundice, enlargement of the lever, hemorrhages and feverish
relapses. It is contracted primarily through injection, although ingestion of
infected substances may also be a route of entry.
232) Local Exhaust Ventilation
Local exhaust ventilation operates by removing a contaminant
at the point of generation and ducting it away in a flow to a safe place
233) Respirators
Respirators, which are designed to purify desirable air by
inhaling it through a medium which removes the contaminants
234) Breathing Apparatus
Breathing apparatus, which supplies pure desirable air from an
uncontaminated source
235) Basic Environmental issues
Pollution is the contamination or damage caused by human
activity to the environment, it arise in respect of three aspects of the
environment
236) Atmospheric Pollution
Fumes, smoke and dust discharged into the air from
incinerators, traffic exhausts or other by-products of industrial processes
237) Water Pollution
Liquid waste (effluent) comprising toxic substances such as
detergents discharged into ground water, rivers or sea water directly from sewers,
factories or surrounding land (such as fertilizers being washed away from farm
land by the rain).
238) Land Pollution
Solid waste from industrial processes deposits on land
239)Integrated Pollution
Control (IPC)
Is a system established, under part of the EPA, to control
the release of polluting substances to air, land and water by industries?
240) Control Waste
Controlled waste-defined as household, industrial and
commercial waste or any substance which is scrap or is effluent or unwanted
surplus from a process
241) Special Waste
Special waste defined a waste which may be so dangerous or
difficult to treat, keep or dispose of that special provision is required for
dealing with it
242) Independent Scaffold
An independent tied scaffold is designed to carry its own
mass and the full load of all materials and workers used on the scaffold
“Let u s protect the
People, the Environment and the Equipments!!!”