UNIT IGC2: CONTROL OF INTERNATIONAL WORKPLACE HAZARDS
Element 1: Workplace hazards and risk control
1.
Outline the welfare
facilities that should be provided in the building (8)
Drinking water – Access
to wholesome drinking
water. If non-potable water is also available then supplies
should be clearly labeled to distinguish between the two.
Sanitary conveniences – access
to a sufficient number of sanitary conveniences (WCs) for the number of workers present
with separate facilities for men and women. They should be protected from the weather
and adequately clean, lit and ventilated. Special provision should
be made for the disabled.
Washing facilities – access
to suitable washing facilities by sanitary conveniences, changing facilities
and as required in work areas. Showers may be necessary if the work is dirty,
strenuous or involves potential contamination with hazardous substances.
Washing facilities should have hot and cold (or warm) running water, soap and
towels (or other means of drying).
Changing rooms – suitable
changing facilities if workers have to change into special work wear and this
involves significant undressing. These should be adequately lit, clean and ventilated, with separate facilities for men and women.
Accommodation for clothing – lockers or other
storage facilities where
workers have to change for work so that their personal clothing can be
kept clean and secure. Separate storage for dirty work clothing may be
necessary to prevent cross-contamination.
Resting and eating facilities – access to suitable rest areas where
workers can take a break
from work. Such areas should have sufficient seating
and be away from hazardous work areas, allowing workers to remove PPE and
relax. Eating facilities should be provided so that food can be eaten in a
hygienic environment. If hot food is not provided at work then basic facilities might be provided
so workers can make their own hot drinks
and food.
2.
Identify prevention strategies an organization could consider to reduce the risk violence
towards workers. (8)
§
Collecting and analyzing incident reports.
§
Interviewing staff formally or informally.
§ Staff surveys.
§ Zero tolerance
policy and prosecution of offenders.
§
Security staff.
§ CCTV cameras.
§ Security doors
between public areas and staff areas.
§
Minimize queues and waiting times.
§ Clear
announcements about waiting times.
§ Training for
staff, e.g.
§
Providing a good quality service.
§
Diffusing aggression.
§ Screens between
staff and public.
§ Panic alarms.
§
Pleasant environment.
§ Preventing
violence to workers conducting home visits:
§ No lone working
or no lone working in certain high risk areas.
§
Keeping records of past incidents and
vetting customers.
§
Visit-logging with supervisor.
§ Pre- and
post-visit telephone calls.
§
Training for staff, e.g.
§
Lone working procedures.
§ Break-away
techniques (self-defence).
§ Always having a
means of communication (e.g. mobile phone).
§
No visits after dark.
§ Parking in
secure areas.
§ Not carrying
cash or valuables.
3.
Identify the types of
hazard that may cause slips or trips at work. (or) (4)
Identify
four hazards that can cause slip and trips.
§
Smooth floor surfaces that are inherently slippery (e.g. polished
marble) and Wet because of spills or cleaning operations.
§ Contamination of a floor
with a slippery contaminant (e.g. fat or leaves).
§
Frost and ice (e.g. outside pavements in winter or the floor
in a freezer).
§
Note that a person’s footwear
can make a big difference to how vulnerable they are to slipping on a
floor.
§
Uneven or loose floor surfaces (e.g.
broken paving slab; poorly-laid floor mat).
§
Trailing cables (e.g. the flex of a
vacuum cleaner).
§
Objects on the floor (e.g. a bag left
on the floor).
2.
Outline how slips and
trip hazards in the workplace might be controlled. (page no: 1-10) (4)
Slip resistance surface: All floor surfaces
where people may walk should
be designed to ensure an appropriate level of slip-resistance. (e.g. by applying
a non-slip resin
to an existing floor).
Spillage control and
drainage: Floors and pedestrian routes should be
designed and constructed to withstand foreseeable spillages. Such spillages might simply be of water (e.g. drinks),
but in other instances might
be of oil, fuels (e.g. diesel).
Warning signs
and boards: Clearly visible
and easily understood signs and markings
should be provided
so that pedestrians (even those unfamiliar with the workplace) are made
aware of hazards and what they must do to avoid them. Signs should conform to
relevant standards.
3. Outline three control
measures to segregate pedestrians and vehicles in the work place. (3)
Vehicle free zones - it may be possible to eliminate the hazard by creating pedestrian
only areas. Pedestrian free zones – since pedestrians are usually the group at greatest risk during vehicle maneuvering
operations, it may be possible
to eliminate them from certain
parts of the workplace.
Vehicle traffic route layout – good
design of roads and routes can be used to keep vehicles at a distance from pedestrian walkways and other vehicles.
One-way systems are an effective method of reducing
the risk of vehicle/vehicle collisions.
4.
Outline / Identify the main hazards that may be
present during the demolition of a building. (page no:1- 17) (8)
§ Premature
collapse of structures.
§ Work at height.
§ Plant and machinery.
§ Contact with
live overheads.
§ Contact with
buried services.
§
Asbestos.
§ Dust.
§ Movement of vehicles.
§
Explosives.
§
Noise and vibration.
§ Hazardous
substances from previous use of the building.
§ Biological
hazards from vermin or stagnant water.
§
Sharp objects, including glass and nails from the demolition, or syringes left by trespassers.
§ Manual handling.
5. A three meter deep trench has to be dug across
a car park.
i.
Identify hazards
associated with the work. (10)
o
Contact with underground services
o
Collapse of the excavation's sides
o
Materials falling onto people working
in the excavation
o
People and vehicles falling into the excavation
o
People being struck by plant
o
Flooding
o
Soil
collapse
o
Improper access and egress
o
Fumes
ii.
Outline control
measures that could be implemented to reduce the risk. (page
no:1-34) (10)
Battering - the sides of the excavation can be sloped back (battered) at an
angle that is sufficiently shallow that the soil will not slip.
Shoring - the sides of the excavation can be supported (shored) with metal
or timber that is fixed in
place inside the excavation.
Trench box - the sides
of the excavation can be temporarily supported
by a metal box that can be lifted into the excavation and moved along to give a protected
work area.
Barriers should consist
of guard-rails (as for a scaffold
work platform) to prevent people
falling in, and toe boards to prevent objects
being kicked down into the excavation.
Good lighting
(both within the excavation and at the edges) and signage should
be provided.
Long excavations should
be provided with crossing points
(bridges) that should
be similarly guarded in with barriers and toe-boards.
Access to the excavation should be achieved by properly positioned and secured ladders.
Ladders should extend 5 rungs above the edge of the excavation to give a
secure stepping off point. They should be routinely inspected.
1.
Identify EIGHT safe working
practices that should
be considered to reduce the risk when using a mobile
tower scaffold. (8)
• Guard-rail
fitted to the work platform.
• Tower must not
be overloaded.
• Wheels should
be locked when the tower is in use.
• Tower must be
sited on firm, level ground.
• People and
materials should not remain on the tower when it is moved.
• Care should be
taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved.
• Outriggers
should be used where necessary to ensure stability.
• People should
not climb up the outside of the tower.
§
Tower must be built by trained workers.
2.
Repair work is to be carried out on
the roof of a school.
i.
Identify control
measures to reduce the risks to roof workers. (6)
§ Fragile roofs
should be clearly signed.
§ The safe working method
for fragile roofs is
usually by the use of roof ladders
or crawling boards.
§ These are laid
across the roof surface, supported by the underlying load-bearing roof members,
and distribute the load of the worker
over a wide area, enabling
the roof structure to sustain the load
safely.
§ Access equipment
must be maintained correctly to ensure stability. This must be carried out by a competent person and is often subject
to statutory requirements,e.g. inspection frequencies.
§
Personal protective equipment, such as harnesses
and helmets.
§
Health condition of the individuals
ii.
Identify TWO control
measures to reduce the risks to other persons. (2)
§
Construction sites almost always
have a risk of falling
objects so they should be mandatory hard hat
areas.
§
Collective protection systems, such as safety
nets and air bags.
§ Warning signs
§ Barricade the area
3.
Identify why
accidents may occur in staircase (6)
§ Poor lighting
§ Not using hand rails
§
Not following rules(eg. Running)
§
Improper footwear
§ Spillages
§ Insufficient
treads and risers
§
Slippery surfaces
11.
Identify the factors
to consider when assessing the adequacy of lighting within
an open plan office. (page no:
1-2)
§
Natural light should be used in
preference to artificial light.
§ Light levels should be adjusted to suit the level of detail required
and the visual acuity of the workers.
§ Local lighting, such as spotlights positioned above machinery, might be required
to give higher
levels of light on critical areas.
§
Lighting must be arranged
to avoid reflections and glare that might dazzle
or temporarily disable.
§ Lighting must be arranged
to avoid the creation of shadows that might obscure
areas and create
risk.
§ Flickering should be avoided
to prevent nuisance
and in particular the “stroboscope effect”.
§ Lighting must be suitable
for the environment (e.g. intrinsically safe lighting used in a flammable
atmosphere).
12.
List eight design
features or safe practices intended to reduce the risk of accidents on
staircases used as internal pedestrian router within work premises
§
Adequate width
§
Provision of handrails
§ Dimensions of
treads and risers.
§ Provision of landings.
§
Provisions for disables persons.
§ Possibility of
using a lift as an alternative.
§ Avoid the need
to carry large or heavy items up or down stairs
§
Appropriate footwear – low heels.
§ Provision of
non slip surfaces.
13. Identify the safe working
practices for the use of a mobile
elevating work platform
(MEWP) or a Scissor
lift. (In the test book page no:1-30)
• Vehicle sited
on firm, stable ground.
• Sufficient
clearance from obstructions and overheads when
operating.
• Barriers around
MEWPs to prevent it being struck by vehicles or mobile plant.
• Barriers also
act to keep people out from underneath the cradle.
• Guard-rails incorporated into the cradle.
Safety harnesses worn as an additional backup.
• Controls of the
MEWP should be inside the cradle so that the person actually working at height has some control.
• Not driven with
the cradle raised unless specifically designed to do so.
• Must not be overloaded.
• Must be
inspected as an item of lifting equipment designed to carry people.
• Use restricted
to trained, authorized staff only.
14. An independent tied scaffold is to be erected on a building
in a busy town centre location.
(a)
Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to reduce the risk of injury to members of the
public during erection and use of the scaffold.
• Guard-rail
fitted to the work platform.
• Tower must not
be overloaded.
• Wheels should
be locked when the tower is in use.
• Tower must be
sited on firm, level ground.
• People and
materials should not remain on the tower when it is moved.
• Care should be
taken to avoid overheads when the tower is moved.
• Outriggers
should be used where necessary to ensure stability.
• People should
not climb up the outside of the tower.
• Tower must be
built by trained workers.
(b) Outline the inspection requirements for an independent tied scaffold.
• When they are
first erected.
• After any
substantial alteration.
• After any event that may affect
their stability, e.g.after being struck by a vehicle or after high winds.
• Periodically
(typically weekly).
• Points to check
would include:
• Condition of
the tubes (especially standards).
• Tying and bracing.
• Condition of
the work platform.
• Edge protection
(guard-rails, toe-boards).
15.
Workers who deal with the public
may be subject to violent
behavior.
(a)
Give the
meaning of ‘work-related violence’.
Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened or assaulted in circumstances relating
to their work.
(b)
Identify reasons why a member
of the public may behave
violently towards a worker.
• Cash handling – any work that involves
the handling of quantities of cash or valuables puts workers at risk of violence associated with robbery.
• Lone working – any lone working that takes the worker into urban areas or puts them in contact with members of the public at remote or
private locations.
• Representing authority – any work where the worker represents authority, such as police,
traffic wardens, etc.
• Wearing
a uniform – uniforms are often seen as a symbol of authority, but even where
they are not workers may still be singled out for abuse.
• Dealing
with people under
stress – when people are under stress
they are less capable of handling
their emotions and can lose control.
•
Dealing with people under
the influence - of drugs and alcohol, or with mental
health problems, when normal inhibitions on behaviour have
been affected.
14. The influence of drugs on workers in the workplace can have a significant effect on
health and safety.
(a)
Identify possible reasons
why a person may be in possession of drugs in the workplaceDue to work pressure
§ Loneliness(work alone)
§ Family influence
§
Regular habit
(b)
Outline control measures
that an employer could take in order to reduce
the misuse of drugs in the
workplace. . (page no: 1-7)
§ Rules restricting access to alcohol
in the workplace or during
working hours.
§ Statutory legal requirements prohibiting workers from being under the influence of drugs and alcohol.
§ Non-statutory requirements prohibiting workers from being under the influence
of drugs and alcohol
that have been set by the employer.
§ Arrangements for any random
drugs and alcohol
testing those workers
will be subject to.
§
Arrangements for workers to have access
to rehabilitation and treatment programmes if they admit to having a problem.
§
Disciplinary procedures for workers,
who refuse assistance, refuse to be tested or who fail a test.
§ Provision of information, instruction and training to workers, supervisors and managers.
15. Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented
when using portable
ladders as a means of access.
(page no: 1-26)
• Site on a solid, flat base so that the feet do not sink
into the ground. Weight should
only be supported on the
styles, never on the rungs.
• Angle of the ladder should ideally be 75°
to the horizontal or at a ratio of 1:4 distance away from the wall to height (1 out: 4 up).
• Top of the
ladder must rest against a solid support.
• Ideally the
ladder should be secured at the top.
· Do not site or
handle near live overheads.
• If this is not
possible, then guy ropes should be attached and secured to firm supports.
• If this is not possible, ladder should be
“footed” by someone standing on the bottom rung.
• Top of the ladder
should extend far enough above the level
of the working position or the platform onto which it provides access to
provide a safe handhold. The stepping off point should be safe and clear.
• Only one person
should climb on the ladder at any one time.
• Nothing should
be carried in the hands while climbing, so that both hands are free to grasp the styles.
• Wooden ladders
should not be painted as this can hide defects.
18)
a) Identify the
issues that should be considered to help ensure that a new item of work
equipment is suitable for use. (5)
§
Tools and parts are only used for their
intended purpose, within
their design specification (e.g. the maximum
speed of a cutting disc should not be exceeded) and in an environment that they
are suitable for.
§ Necessary
guards and safety devices are always used (e.g. the self-adjusting guard fitted
to a portable circular saw).
§
Necessary personal protective equipment is always used (e.g.
eye protection when using a chain
saw).
§ Trailing power cables or pipes are carefully positioned so that they do not present a trip hazard
and will not be damaged by the tool or passing vehicles, etc.
§ Make sure third party
certificate is available to ensure the fitness of the equipment.
§ If required
ensure all personnel
are moved away from the equipment before
being used.
b) Identify measures that could be taken to help ensure
that an item of work equipment remains
in a suitable condition. (3)
§
Regular maintenance.
§
Do not overload the machine during
its work process.
§ Only trained
personnel to work on the machine.
§ Never use the equipment for those jobs which are not designed
for it.
19)
Outline factors to be considered when undertaking an assessment of health risks from a hazardous
substance to be used in the workplace.
(8)
§
The hazardous nature of the substance present
– is it toxic, corrosive, carcinogenic,etc.?
§ The potential ill-health effects – will the substance cause minor ill-health or very serious
disease and will these result
from short-term or long-term exposure?
§ The physical forms
that the substance takes in the workplace
– is it a solid,
liquid, vapour, dust, fume, etc.?
§
The routes of entry the substance can take in order to cause harm – is
it harmful by inhalation,ingestion, skin absorption, etc.?
§
The quantity of the hazardous substance present in the workplace
– including the total quantities stored and the quantities in use or created at any one time.
§ The concentration of the substance – if stored
or used neat or diluted,
and the concentration in the air if airborne.
§ The number of people potentially exposed and any vulnerable groups
or individuals – such as pregnant women or the infirm.
§ The frequency of exposure – will people by exposed
once a week, once a day or continuously?
§
The duration of exposure – will exposure
be very brief,
last for several
hours or last all day?
§
The
control measures that are already
in place - such as ventilation systems
and PPE.
20)
During redecoration work temporary
access is to be provided for office workers through an external storage area
where vehicles are operating.
Outline the control measures to
reduce the risk of injury to the office workers when using this temporary
access. (8)
Ø Make sure that adequate
warning signs are posted on the site.
Ø Training to be given to all employees with regards to the temporary
arrangement.
Ø Banksman to be
provided on the crossing areas.
Ø If possible one
way system to be implemented.
Ø During night time ensure
that adequate lighting
arrangements are provided
for clear visibility to operators as well as pedestrians.
Ø Reduce the
speed limit during these time to ensure more
safe.
Ø Provision of
high visibility jackets to all pedestrians.
Ø On all crossing
special marking to be provided for crossing the road.
Ø Provision of a physical
barrier to separate
the pedestrians and vehicles to be done.
21)
Outline the hazards associated with
the use of a materials hoist on a construction site. (8)
§ Falling
objects – such as the load
falling from the hoist, or the hoist itself falling
due to structural failure.
§ Being struck by
the load during a lifting operation.
§
Becoming entangled in moving parts.
§ Falls
from height – from a landing level or from the platform
of the lift itself.
§
Being struck by landing
levels, parts of any enclosure
or other projections while riding on the
platform of the lift.
Element 2: Transport hazards and risk control
1.
Identify measures to reduce the risk
to pedestrians and vehicles in the work place. (5)
§ As part of the risk assessment, transport hazards must be identified and assessed
§ The provision
of designated safe crossing points and refuges
§ Fitting vehicles
with audible or visual
alarms for example
to give warning
of a reversing operation
§ The use of a
banksman to ensure safe vehicle movement in areas where pedestrians are likely
to be present
§ Ensuring a good standard
of visibility by the provision of mirrors, transparent doors and CCTV
§ The
introduction of a speed restriction on vehicles; the use of trained and
authorized drivers particularly for forklift
trucks
§ The provision
and use of high visibility personal protective equipment
§ Provision of a good standard of lighting which
avoids the possibility of glare.
2.
Identify precautions that should
be taken when leaving a fork-lift truck unattended. (page no:2-4) (6)
§
The
first one relates
to leaving the forklift truck
on a firm level surface.
§ Park in a
designated area, to ensure that it cannot rollaway.
§ The truck must
not be left in a position where it could obstruct the emergency exits, walkways
or fire points, and must be parked away from other vehicles.
§ The truck
should be left with the mast tilted slightly forward and forks resting on the
floor to make sure that it is stable and not likely to overturn.
§ The truck
must not be left until
the break has been applied
and the power switched off.
§
Park away from other vehicles on a
firm, level surface.
§ Where a start
key is used, the key must be removed and returned it to a responsible person,
as appropriate.
3.
a)
Outline why a vehicle
may not be able to stop effectively (4)
§ Lack of proper
/ adequate braking system
§
Over
speeding
§
Loss of control of the vehicle.
§ Incompetent
driver / operator
§ Lack of proper
maintenance of the vehicle.
§
Chance of oil spillage on the road /
Slippery Surface
b)
Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving
that could result
in risk of injury
(4) (In
Test book go to page 2-2)
§ Loading, eg. When doing manual handling
jobs like loading
crates from a truck
§ Unloading eg.
When unloading crates from a truck
§
Securing – When workers
climb onto the vehicle in order to secure the load can lead to fall
hazard.
§ Coupling
– When vehicles are attached
to other towed equipment there is a potential of collision and crushing.
§
Maintenance Work – while doing maintenance work either on top or underneath the vehicle.
4.
Outline the precautions
that might be needed to ensure the safety of pedestrians in vehicle
maneuvering areas. (8)
§
Segregated systems for vehicular and
pedestrian traffic.
§ Appropriate
road markings.
§ Maintaining good visibility (mirrors,
provision of lightings
etc.,)
§
Audible warnings for vehicles.
§ The drawing up
and enforcement of site rules.
§ The provision
of refuges.
§
The wearing of high visibility clothing.
§
A good standard of housekeeping.
§
Training for, and supervision of, all concerned.
5.
Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles
within a workplace
can be reduced. (page no: 2-4) (8)
§ Avoidance of
reversing by implementing one way traffic systems.
§
Segregation of pedestrians and
vehicles or the provision of refuges.
§ Good vehicle selection
so that drivers have adequate visibility.
§ Provision of
audible reversing alarms and flashing beacons.
§
Provision of mirrors at blind spots to see approaching pedestrians.
§
Use of high visibility clothing.
§ Ensuring that
the area is well lit.
§ Provision of
banks men.
§ Training for
drivers and pedestrians working in the area.
5. Forklift trucks
are operating in a busy workplace.
Identify suitable control measures
to reduce the risk of collision with workers
§
Suitable for their intended use.
§ Suitable for
the environment and conditions in which they are used.
§ Maintained in
safe working order.
§
Only driven by suitably trained,
qualified staff.
§ Inspected
routinely before use.
§ Provision of
audible reversing alarms and flashing beacons.
§
Provision of mirrors at blind spots
to see approaching pedestrians.
6.
(a)
Identify reasons why a vehicle may not be able to stop effectively.
§ No braking system
§ Over speeding
§
Improper maintenance of brake system
§ Loss of control
(b) Outline activities associated with vehicles when they are not moving that could result in risk of injury. (page no:2-2)
Loading – both manual and mechanical loading
of vehicles can create risk, e.g. the manual handling risk associated with lifting
crates into the back of a lorry, or the risk of collision when loading a flat-
bed lorry using a forklift truck.
Unloading – both manual and mechanical unloading
can create risk, e.g. tipping
operations can result in the vehicle
overturning or people
being struck by the material
being tipped.
Securing – when workers
have to climb onto a vehicle in order to secure the load, e.g. a driver might
have to climb onto the top of a lorry to sheet over the load to prevent it
blowing out when moving at speed, or climb onto the top of a road tanker to
close hatches. Both of these operations involve work at height.
Coupling – when vehicles
are attached to trailers or other towed equipment there is potential for collision and crushing.
Maintenance work – when
mechanics have to access various
parts of the vehicle and may have to
work at height or under the vehicle.
8)
Mobile tower scaffolds should be used
on stable, level ground.
Outline additional factors
that should be considered for the use of a mobile tower scaffold. (8)
§
Never overload the mobile tower
scaffold during work.
§ Ensure that
outriggers are utilized at all times.
§ All the mobile
tower should have guard rails fitted.
§
Ensure the wheels are chocked before
allowing any personnel
to work on board.
§ Only competent and trained personnel to erect the tower.
§ Do not allow anybody
to work on top while
we move the mobile tower
scaffold.
§ Never work
under overhead lines.
§
Climbing through outside should not
be permitted.
9)
A new vehicle
route is to be provided
into the goods delivery area of workplace.
Outline features
of the vehicle route that could reduce
the risk of pedestrians being injured by vehicles.
(8)
§
Vehicle traffic route layout – good design of roads and routes can be
used to keep vehicles at a distance from pedestrian walkways and other
vehicles. One way systems are an effective method of reducing the risk of
vehicle/vehicle collisions.
§ Segregation of vehicles and pedestrians –
wherever possible pedestrians should be provided with a separate walkway.
It may be necessary to barrier this route to provide additional physical protection.
In some situations (such as in loading bays), safe havens
should be provided
that pedestrians can retreat into during vehicle movements.
§
Where barriers cannot be used segregation might be achieved
by marking pedestrian walkways on the floor.
§
Separate site and building
entrances should be provided for vehicles and pedestrians so that they are
not forced into close proximity at these bottlenecks.
§
Speed limits should be set for
traffic routes and then clearly indicated by signage, and enforced. Traffic calming
measures such as speed bumps might be used where experience shows there is a
problem with vehicles speeding.
§
Banksmen may be used to ensure that vehicle
manoeuvres in the vicinity of pedestrians are carried
out safely.
§ Crossing points
may be implemented to allow pedestrians to cross traffic
routes safely.
§
Good visibility is essential, so that
drivers haveunobstructed views from their vehicles. Blind spots should be
eliminated by careful traffic route design; where this is not possible, aids
such as mirrors, CCTV and transparent doors should be provided.
§ Good standards
of lighting should be present on traffic routes.
§
Appropriate signage should be used to alert vehicle
drivers to hazards
on their route
(such as lower overheads).
§
Whilst barriers can protect
pedestrians from vehicles, they can also be used to protect structures which might
be at risk of damage or collapse in the event of a collision, e.g. in a warehouse racking may be protected with barriers at vulnerable locations.
§ The surface
of the traffic route must be suitable
for the vehicles using it, with attention paid to its strengths and stability, grip characteristics and drainage.
Element 3: Musculoskeletal hazards and risk control
1.
A worker is manually loading boxes of
components onto metal shelves.
a.
Identify four types of
injury that worker could suffer while carrying out this activity Or List four specific types
of injury that may cause by the incorrect manual
handling of loads. (page no:3-7)
(4)
§ Tendon and
ligament injuries
§
Muscle injuries
§ Hernias
§ Work-related
upper limb disorders (WRULDs)
§ Cuts, burns,
dislocation and broken bones
b.
Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the risk of injury. (page no:3-7) (4)
§
At what height is the load being
picked up, carried or put down
§ Is the task
very repetitive
§ Is there a high work-rate
§
Is a long carrying distance involved
§
Does
the task involve
stooping (worker has to keep their legs straight and bend their back)
to move the load
§ Does the task involve
twisting (turning the shoulders while
the feet stay still)
§
Can
rest breaks be taken as the worker requires them
§ Does the task
involve lifting the load through a vertical
distance
§ Does the task
involve reaching above shoulder height
§
Does
the task involve
the worker holding
the load away from their trunk (torso)
2.
a.
Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person required to lift a load from the
ground.(6) (page no:3-10)
Employees should be trained
in basic safe lifting technique. This technique minimizes the risk of musculoskeletal disorders.
§ Before lifting
–– Check
the weight and stability of the load.
–– Plan the route of the carry.
–– Establish a firm grip.
§
The
lift
–– Bend the knees and use the leg muscles to lift.
–– Keep the back upright.
–– Keep the load close to the body.
–– Avoid twisting, over-reaching, jerking.
§ Setting down
–– Use the same principles as when lifting.
–– Maintain good balance.
–– Set
the load down and then adjust its position using body weight.
a.
GiveTWOexamples of how a manual
handling task might be avoided. (2)
§
Forklift Trucks
§
Hoists
§ Conveyors
§ Cranes
3. Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile
cranes. (page no:3-18)
(8)
§
Ensuring that the load to be lifted
is within the safe lifting
capacity of the crane – safe lifting
capacity will vary with the length of the jib and the distance away from
the crane that the jib is positioned to (radius), so capacity can vary from one
lift to the next.
§
Carefully siting the crane on
even, stable ground in a safe position
away from structures or overheads that might be struck during the lifting operation.
§
Using the outriggers correctly.
§
Checking that the crane
has been maintained and has a certificate of thorough examination in accordance with local laws.
§
Restricting use of the crane to trained and competent operators only.
§
Ensuring that each lift is planned
and supervised by a competent person and that the driver
and slinger are competent.
§
Providing a banks man to give directions to the crane
operator with good means of communication
between driver and other operators.
§ Ensuring that
safety devices such as overload indicators are operational and are used
correctly, these devices are frequently disabled or ignored by the crane operator.
§
Checking that there are no obstructions such as buildings or overhead lines in the vicinity of the lift.
§
Checking weather conditions and obeying any manufacturer’s
recommendations about maximum wind speed.
4.
Identify the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevating platform
(MEWP) to reach
a high point as a streetlight. (8)
(page no: 1-30)
§ Vehicle sited
on firm, stable ground.
§ Sufficient
clearance from obstructions and overheads when
operating.
§ Barriers around
MEWPs to prevent
it being struck
by vehicles or mobile plant.
§ Barriers also act to keep people
out from underneath the cradle.
§
Guard-rails incorporated into the cradle.
§ Safety
harnesses worn as an additional backup.
§ Controls of the MEWP should be inside the cradle so that the person actually
working at height
has some control.
§
Not driven with the cradle raised
unless specifically designed to do so.
§ Must not be overloaded.
§ Must be inspected as an item of lifting
equipment designed to carry people.
§
Use restricted to trained, authorized
staff only.
5. Battery powered
fork-lift trucks are used to move materials in a warehouse lift trucks.
a.
Identify FOUR hazards
associated specifically with battery-powered fork lift trucks.
(page no: 3-15)
(4)
§ Charging
batteries emit hydrogen gas which is explosive.
§ Batteries
contain dilute sulphuric acid which is corrosive.
§ Batteries are extremely heavy and present
a manual handling
risk if they have to be changed for charging purposes.
§ The electricity
can cause arcing, shock, burns or fire.
§ Battery contents
are an environmental hazard requiring
appropriate disposal.
§
Battery-powered vehicles
can be very quiet or almost silent,
increasing the risk of collision with pedestrians.
§ Battery leads can short
and result in burns and electric shock.
b.
Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles
within a workplace
can be reduced. (page no: 2-4)
(8)
§ Avoidance of
reversing by implementing one way traffic systems.
§
Segregation of pedestrians and
vehicles or the provision of refuges.
§
Good vehicle selection so that
drivers have adequate visibility.
§ Provision of
audible reversing alarms and flashing beacons.
§ Provision of mirrors at blind spots to see approaching pedestrians.
§ Use of high
visibility clothing.
§
Ensuring that the area is well lit.
§
Provision of banks men.
§ Training for
drivers and pedestrians working in the area.
3.
Outline the specific
causational factors that may have contributed to Work Related
Upper Limb Disorders. (page no:3-8)
Manual handling
risk assessment focuses on four main factors:
§ The task.
§ The load.
§
The
environment.
§
Individual capabilities
The task:
§
At what height is the load being
picked up, carried or put down
§
Is the task very repetitive
§ Is there a high work-rate
§
Is a long carrying distance involved
§
Does
the task involve
stooping (worker has to keep their legs straight and bend their back)
to move the load
§
Does
the task involve
twisting (turning the shoulders while
the feet stay still)
§ Can rest breaks
be taken as the worker requires them
§ Does the task
involve lifting the load through a vertical
distance
§
Does the task involve reaching above
shoulder height
§
Does
the task involve
the worker holding
the load away from their
trunk (torso)
The load:
The load can be assessed by asking questions such as:
§
How heavy is the load?
§ How large and
bulky is the load?
§ Is the load an
easy shape to lift?
§ How stable is
the load?
§ Where is the
centre of gravity (C of G) of the load?
§ Is the load
difficult to grip? (or does it have handles)?
§
Is the load hot, sharp or otherwise hazardous?
The Environment:
The environment can be assessed by asking questions
such as:
§
Are there restrictions on the space available?
§
Is the floor surface slippery or uneven?
§ Are there
changes in floor level (steps, stairs, etc.)?
§ What are the
light levels like?
§
What is the temperature and humidity?
The Individuals:
Individual capabilities can be assessed
by asking questions
such as:
§ Does the activity require
unusual ability? Some handling activities require unusual strength, stamina, size or technique.
§
Does
the activity present
significant risk to vulnerable individuals such as pregnant
women or people with pre-existing back
injuries?
4.
Outline the measures
that can be taken to reduce the risk of Work Related
Upper Limb Disorders.
§
Control repetitive handling by
introducing frequent rest breaks or job rotation to minimize the length
of time that an individual worker has to perform the task.
§
Eliminate stooping and twisting
by changing the layout of the workstation.
§ Use a table or lift to bring the load to waist height
to eliminate picking
up from floor level.
§ Break down a
heavy load into smaller parts.
§
Use
several workers to handle a large, bulky load rather
than just one.
§ Stabilize an unstable load by securing
it or putting it into a container.
§ Mark up a load with an off-centre C of G so that workers
can see where the C of G is.
§
Attach handles to a load that is
difficult to grasp.
3.
Outline the main
factors to be considered when doing an ergonomic assessment of a DSE
workstation. (page no: 3-2)
Task Factors:
§
Repetition – the need for repetitive movements
when carrying out the task (e.g. typing
for several hours).
§
Force – the physical force required to perform the task and the strain
this puts on the body (e.g. closing stiff catches on a machine).
§ Posture
– any requirement to adopt an awkward
posture (e.g. stooping
over into a bin to pick out contents).
§
Twisting – any twisting action
required by the task (e.g. twisting the wrist when using a screwdriver).
§
Rest – the potential for the worker to rest and recover
from any fatigue
(e.g. a worker on a production line cannot stop the line;
they have to keep working even when fatigued). Environment Factors:
§ Lighting
– the availability of natural and artificial light and the effect on the worker’s
ability to see the
work clearly. The presence of glare may also cause a problem.
§
Other environmental parameters – in particular temperature, humidity and ventilation will directly
affect the worker’s ability to perform the task and their comfort.
Equipment Factors:
§
Equipment design – the shape of the equipment and how this affects ease of use (e.g. a large, shaped handle on a scraper makes it
easier to hold and use).
§ Equipment adjustability – the scope there is for the user to adjust the equipment
to suit their personal requirements (e.g. the height of the seat for a computer user)
4.
Identify the features
of a chair to ensure
it is suitable for use at a DSE workstation.
§
The chair is suitable
§ The chair is stable
§ The chair is
adjusted correctly
§
The user is aware if how to adjust
the chair
§
There is proper back rest
§ Seat height adjustment
§ Swivel mechanism
§
Seat back height and tilt adjustment
5.
Outline the possible
risks to health associated with the use of display
screen equipment (DSE).
(page no: 3-3)
WRULDs – associated with repetitive use of the keyboard and mouse for long periods
of time.
Eye strain – temporary eye fatigue
associated with prolonged use of the screen.
Back pain – and other MSDs associated with sitting in a fixed position, perhaps
with poor posture, for long
periods of time.
Fatigue and stress – associated with the type of work being
done, e.g. call centre staff may be Subjected to verbal abuse during
telephone calls.
Element 4: Work equipment hazards and risk control
1.
Identify the Mechanical
hazards related with the work
equipment. (page no: 4-8,9,10)
§
Crushing
§
Shearing
§
Entanglement
§
Cutting or
severing
§
Drawing in or trapping
§
Impact
§
Friction or
abrasion
§
High pressure fluid injection
2.
Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the safety of employees carrying
out maintenance work on process equipment.
§
Maintenance should only be carried out by competent staff.
§
Ensure isolation of power source is confirmed.
§
Stored power should
be released or secured to prevent accidental discharge.
§
Where power cannot
be isolated live parts should
be covered with insulating materials.
§
Use of personnel protective equipment which are insulated like rubber gloves.
§
Running of dangerous
moving parts at low speed when need to work in live machines.
§
Provision
of maintenance guards
which are allowing
access to required
areas only.
§
Use of handling aids to prevent chance of
manual handling.
§
Use of a safe system of work like permit to work to be implemented
3.
Identify precautions that would need to be considered before
welding work can commence.
§
Maintain a safe workplace - If possible, move
the material to be welded or cut to a safe location designated specifically for
welding and cutting.
§
Keep fire hazards away- Areas for welding,
cutting, and heating must be kept clear and free of flammable liquids and solvents.
§
Provide fire barriers - If welding or cutting
cannot be performed in a designated location or away from combustible
materials, provide metal sheets or a fire-resistant screen to prevent heat,
sparks, and slag from reaching these materials.
§
Be alert for cracks or crevices
- Sparks and slag can travel long distances.
§
Provide fire extinguishing equipment - Be
prepared to put out fires. Service-able fire extinguishers, fire hoses, or sand
buckets should be on hand.
§
Consider the need for a fire watcher -
Operators may not become aware of a fire starting while welding or cutting.
§
Know the local fire codes for welding and cutting.
§
Inspect the work area after completing
operations - Make sure there are no hot sparks or hot metal which could start a
fire later.
§
Before welding or cutting in a new location for the first
time, please do the risk assessment. They may
know of some serious fire hazard that might otherwise be overlooked.
4.
Outline control measures
to reduce the risk to workers when using non-powered hand tools.
§
Tools must be suitable for the task that they
are going to perform and for the environment in which they are to be used, e.g. non-sparking tools
(do not produce
sparks when struck)
is suitable for use in a potentially flammable atmosphere.
§
Users should be given appropriate information, instruction and training. Many workers serve some
form of apprenticeship or spend several years in training where they acquire an
understanding of safety in the use of the tools for their trade, but not all
workers come to the workplace with this knowledge (which may seem like common
knowledge to others).
§
Tools should be visually inspected
routinely before use to ensure
they are in an acceptable condition. This should be done by the user. Spot checks by line
management will ensure that users comply. Substandard tools should be
maintained or discarded.
§
Tools should be maintained in a safe condition, e.g. blades should kept sharp
and handles firmly
attached.
§
Supervision
is important to ensure that safe working
practices are adhered
to and misuse does not become commonplace.
5.
a.
Identify the hazards
that could be faced by the worker who is using a petrol-driven strimmer to
maintain roadside grass verges.
§
Contact with the moving parts of the strimmer
§
The possibility of being struck by flying
stones or other materials
§
Slips / Trips / Falls
§
Manual handling hazards
§
The danger posed by moving traffic, noise and vibration
§
Dust and fumes.
§
The hazards associated with the storage
and transfer of petrol.
§
Weather condition like exposure to ultraviolet radiation
b.
List the five items
of personnel protective equipment that should be provided to the worker who is
engaged in using petrol driven strimmer to maintain roadside
grass verges.
§
Ear defenders
§
Eye protection
§
Respiratory
protection
§
Gloves
§
Safety footwear
§
Gaiters
§
High visibility jackets
c.
Outline measures other
than the use of protective equipment that might be necessary to ensure the
health and safety of the worker who is engaged in using petrol driven strimmer
to maintain roadside grass verges.
§
The use of traffic control or barriers
§
The selection and maintenance of equipment to reduce to a minimum
the levels of noise and vibration
§
The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision and health surveillance
§
Completion of a risk assessment for the job
to be done
6.
a.
Identify four hazards
associated with the use of bench top grinder. (4)
§
Abrasion on contact with rotating abrasive wheel.
§
Drawing in at nip-point between wheel and
tool rest.
§
Ejection of parts
of the wheel during normal
use or if it bursts.
§
Entanglement with the spindle on which the
wheel is mounted.
§
Electricity.
§
Hot parts caused
by friction (especially the workpiece being ground).
§
Health hazard from dust.
§
Noise and vibration.
b.
Other than a guard, Identify four control
measures that could be introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a bench top
grinder. (4)
§
Secure grinder in position.
§
Tool rest adjusted
to minimise nip point between
rest and wheel.
§
Use and setting restricted to trained
operators only.
§
Eye protection (impact resistant).
§
Hearing protection may be necessary.
§
Installation of LEV may be required to control dust.
§
Routine maintenance, including
inspection and portable
appliance testing for electrical safety.
§
Regular checks of the grinding wheel.
§
Regular checks to ensure correct
grinding material has been
selected.
c.
Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when selecting a guard or safety devices
for a bench top grinder. (4)
§
The guard or safety device should be suitable
for the machinery
§
The guard should
reduce the accident
rate rather than increasing the accident rate
§
Select standard guard or safety
device and it should be easy to use.
§
The guard should be tamper proof.
§
The guard should not obstruct
the working cycle of the machine if required in such operations.
d.
Outline the merits and
limitations of (page no:4-12)
i. an interlock guard Merits:
The guard is
intended to allow frequent access to a machine or danger zone by removing the
power source and preventing the equipment from operating while the guard is open. When a guard is removed a safety interlock system
prevents machine operation For example, a microwave oven has a hinged door on
the front to allow easy access; this door is interlocked so that power to the
microwave generator is shut off when it is open.
Limitations:
The main
limitation of an interlocked guard is that it is possible to bypass the system
so that the machine can be operated with the guard open. With simple interlock
systems this is easily done, but even complex
interlock systems can be defeated
by a determined person. The dangerous parts or
machinery may not be at rest as the equipment is opened, and this may put the
operator at risk (though this can be overcome by good design
and consideration of “run down” times).
ii. a trip device Merits:
Trip devices
are intended to minimise severity of an injury and are often used as an
additional control measure,
e.g. in combination with an interlocked access gate to ensure that an
operator does not gain access
by climbing over a fence
or being locked in by a colleague.
Limitations:
Do not provide a physical barrier
to prevent access.
Can be over-ridden, e.g. using platforms
to span a pressure mat. May not operate fast enough to prevent harm (but may reduce
the severity). May be overly sensitive, leading to frequent trips and
production delays which will encourage the operator to bypass or disable them.
Frequent trips may result in operator stress.
7. Outline four main
categories of guards and safeguarding devices that may be used to minimize the
risk of contact with the dangerous parts of machinery. (8) (page no:4-12)
Fixed
Guards:
A fixed guard is a physical
barrier that prevents a person from coming into contact with dangerous moving
parts.The guard may by shaped to fit the machine quite closely (enclosing
guard), or it may be more like a fence around the machine (perimeter guard). It
may have openings in it (e.g. to allow raw material to be fed into a
machine),but these must be designed in such a way that it is not possible to
reach in and contact dangerous parts (distance guard).
Adjustable
Guards:
An adjustable guard can be set
to a range of positions by the operator depending on the nature of the
workpiece and the operation being carried out. For example, the top guard on a
bench-mounted circular saw can be set at a range of heights depending on the
size of wood being cut.
Interlock
Guards:
An interlocked guard is a
protective device designed to be removed as a normal part of routine machine
operation. The guard is intended to allow frequent access to a machine or
danger zone by removing the power source and preventing the equipment from
operating while the guard is open. When the guard is removed a safety interlock
system prevents machine operation. For example, a microwave oven has a hinged
door on the front to allow easy access; this door is interlocked so that power
to the microwave generator is shut off when it is open.
Trip
Devices:
Trip devices are protective
devices that do not put a physical barrier between the operator and the
dangerous parts of machinery. Instead some form of sensor is used to detect the
presence of the operator and stop the machine. Trip devices are intended to
minimise severity of an injury and are often used as an additional control
measure, e.g. in combination with an interlocked access gate to ensure that an
operator does not gain access by climbing over a fence or being locked in by a
colleague.
8. Identify four
mechanical hazards presented by pedestal drill & outline in each case how
injury may occur. (page no:4-17)
§ Entanglement with the rotating drill bit or
chuck.
§ Stabbing or puncture by the drill bit during
normal use or if the bit breaks.
§ Puncture by swarf ejected during metal cutting.
§ Impact if struck by the workpiece if the bit jams
and the workpiece rotates.
§ Drawing in at nip-points between motor and drive
belts.
§ Electricity.
§ Noise.
§ Hot parts (especially the drill bit).
§ Health hazard from cutting fluid (e.g.
dermatitis).
9. (a) Identify hazards associated with the
use of a cement mixer.
• Entanglement with
rotating drum or drive motor.
• Drawing in at
nip-point between motor and drive mechanism.
• Crushing between
drum and drum stop when tipping.
• Friction or
abrasion on contact with moving drum.
• Electricity.
• Ergonomics and
manual handling injuries during loading.
• Health hazard
from cement dust inhalation (irritant) and contact with wet cement (corrosive).
• Hazards due to
the fuel (electricity or petrol).
• Being struck by
vehicles operating in the area.
(b) Outline control
measures that can be used to reduce the risks of injury to operators of a
cement mixer.
• Location of the
mixer on firm, level ground.
• Location away from traffic or where traffic is
controlled.
• Fixed guards to motor and drive mechanism.
•
Routine inspection and portable appliance testing, and use of residual current
device (RCD) for electrically powered equip
• Safe storage of petrol and control of ignition
sources for petrol-powered equipment; avoid use in confined spaces due to
emission of exhaust gases.
• Reduction in manual handling or positioning of
cement bags close to the equipment.
•
Use restricted to trained operators only.
•
Hand protection, respiratory protection, overalls
and eye protection (splash resistant).
• Hearing protection to reduce noise exposure.
10. Outline four control measures to reduce the risk of injury
from pedestal drill
§ Fixed guards over motor and drive mechanisms.
§ Adjustable (possibly interlocked) guard over
chuck and drill bit.
§ Clamp to secure workpiece to base.
§ Eye protection (impact resistant).
§ Hearing protection may be necessary.
§ Routine
maintenance, including inspection and portable appliance testing for electrical
safety.
§ Use restricted to trained operators only.
11. In a factory conveyor system is used to transfer
manufactured articles to the warehouse area. Identify the control measures to
be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers from the conveyor.
§ Fixed guards on drums
§ Enclosure of conveyed items by side guards
§ Trip wires, if necessary , along the full length
of the conveyor
§ Emergency stop buttons
§ Safe access at regular intervals
§ Avoid loose clothing
§ Restrict access
§ Wearing bump caps
§ Regular maintenance by competent workers
12. A factory producing furniture uses wood in the
manufacturing process and is concerned about the health risk of wood dust.
a.
Identify operations which are likely to produce
high levels of wood dust in the workplace. (4)
§ Sawing
§ Routing
§ Planning
§ Turning
§ Cleaning items or areas with compressed air lines
b.
Identify health risk which could be associated
with the wood dust. (4)
§ Dermatitis
§ Allergic respiratory effects
§ Mucosal
§ Non-allergic respiratory effects
c.
Outline control measures which could reduce the
risk from the wood dust. (12)
§ Installing Local Exhaust Ventilation
§ Provide Respiratory Protective Equipment
§ Provide other Personal Protective Equipment
§ Good standards of Housekeeping
§ Vacuum cleaning equipment should be maintained
properly
§ Washing facilities for workers
§ Separate storage for workers clothing and
laundering
§ High standard of personal hygiene by changing
overalls and washing hands before eating and drinking.
13) a) Identify FOUR hazards associated with
the use of photocopiers.
|
(4)
|
§ Drawing in and entanglement from contact with
moving parts.
§ Electricity.
§ Contact with hot parts.
§ Health hazard from ozone (irritant gas).
b) Outline the precautions that should be taking in
order to reduce the risk to the health and safety of
§
Fixed and interlocked guards
enclosing all mechanical hazards.
§ Routine inspection and portable appliance
testing.
§ Use in a ventilated room.
§ Routine inspection and testing should be done for
the photocopiers
14.Portable electrical equipment, for use at work, should be in good
condition and free from defect.
a) Outline
the features of portable electrical equipment that should be checked by the
user before use.
(6)
• Tools and parts are only used for their intended
purpose, within their design specification (e.g. the maximum speed of a cutting
disc should not be exceeded) and in an environment that they are suitable for.
• Necessary guards and safety devices are always
used (e.g. the self-adjusting guard fitted to a portable circular saw).
•
Necessary personal protective equipment is always
used (e.g. eye protection when using a chain saw).
• Trailing power cables or pipes are carefully
positioned so that they do not present a trip hazard and will not be damaged by
the tool or passing vehicles, etc.
• Care is taken to ensure that ejected parts do not
present a risk to others nearby. This may require that the area is fenced or
cordoned off or that the tool is only used at specific times.
b) Identify additional features of portable electrical equipment that
should be inspected during periodic
formal inspection by an appointed person.
|
(2)
|
o
Check out the
instrument for its working condition.
o
Check out if
any worn out or damaged parts needs to be removed or replaced.